Tugas Grammar 1
By. Chefiq Aziz
Dosen : Erwin Hari Kurniawan
Simple Present
Adalah tenses yang di gunakan untuk waktu yang masih umum (Express general time) , kebenaran umum (general truths/general statment of fact), suatu yang sudah terjadwal, berita, imperative (penekanan), menjelaskan seseorang atau sesuatu itu semua merupakan fungsinya.
Rumus
Verb Ordinary selain be Verb Ordinary berupa be
(+) S + V S + is/am/are +Cs (A N A)
(- ) S + do/does + not + V S + is/am/are + not + Cs (A N A)
(?) Do/does + S + V ? is/am/are + S + Cs (A N A) ?
(- ?) Don't/doesn't + S + V ? isn't/aren't + S + Cs (A N A) ?
(- ?) Do/does + S + not + V ? is/am/are + S + not + Cs (A N A) ?
Forms of the verb in Simple Present
Subject
singular/tunggal verb/predicate
One name of thing or person like additional infinitive (ai)
Aziz, table, cat, bathroom etc. verb with s/es for addition
Pronoun she, he, it.
But if plural
like Aziz and Silvi, they, we, bare infinitive (bi)
Also I, and you use verb witout any addition
(A N A) adalah simbol dari Adjective, Noun, Adverb yang merupakan pelengkap subject dari sentence yang ber Verb ordinarikan to be. Yang di sebut CS atau Complement Subject
Example :
1. Wather consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
2. We don't begin our meeting at 7 o'clock but 8 o'clock.
3. Does Alex understand the lesson?
4. Do they think about that?
5. Don't you know me?
6. Doesn't she love him?
7. Am I handsome?
8. You are ugly.
9. Isn't she beautiful?
10. I am not crazy.
Simple Present has Time signal. Usually this words can show that the sentence is Simple Present like this words :
-Always -every day
-Never -generaly
-Seldom -usually
-Often -once a week
To make habit and easy lets try to answer this question.
Exercise :
1. Silvi (wash) her "kereta angin" twice a year
2. He (escape) from his jail!
3. Now focus on my statement.what (see, you) ?what(do, i) ?
4. The President command to us (baddle not) in drugs.
5. British family (buy not) a newspapr every morning.
Schose the correct answer a, b, c, and d
1. Though people abroad often the names of the national papers.
a.know b.knews
c.known d.knows
2. Local newspaprs a weekly circulation of 13 milion.
a.have b.had
c.has d.hadn't
3. Editors to rely on a small staff of people who all the district well.
a.prefers not, knows not b.don't prefered, don't knews
c.don't prefer,don't know d.prefered not, known not
4. After copying from his friend's paper during the test, ted on thick ice with his chemistry teacher.
a.be b.is
c.am d.are
5. It's not suprising that vina (get not) such good grades every day.
a. don't got b.doesn't get
b.don't get d.doesn't got
Present Progressive
Adalah tenses yang di gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang (express an activity that is in progress at the moment of the speaking). Often the activity of a general nature: something generally in progress this week, this month, this year. Single temporary even that has the beginning and an end, but it doesn't necessary include the end of the action. Biasanya di gunakn untuk kata kerja yang menunjukan waktu yang terbatas seperti work, study, attend, shope etc, tapi kebanyakan verb-verb yang stative tidak dapat di progressivekan, seperti :
1. Yang berhubungan dengan keadaan jiwa (Mental State)
Know, relize, understand, recognize, belive, feel, suppose, think, imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, desire, mean
2. Yang berhubungan dengan Emosi (Emotional state)
Love, like, appreciate, please, prefer, hate, dislike, fear, envy, mind, care, astonish, amaze, surpise.
3. Yang berhubungan dengan kepemilikan (Possession)
Possess, have, own, belong
4. Yang berhubungan dengan penglihatan/indra (perception)
Taste, smell, hear, feel, see.
5. Yang berhubungan dengan yang lain(other existing state)
Seem, look, appear, sound, resemble, look like, cost, owe, weigh, equal, be, exsit, matter, consist of, contain, include.
Simple Present Progressive has time signal like :
-Now -still
-At this time -right now
-At this moment -at present
Rumus
Verb Ordinary selain be Verb Ordinary berupa be
(+) S +is/am/are + V ing S + is/am/are +Cs
(- ) S + is/am/are + not +V ing S + is/am/are + not + Cs
(?) is/am/are + S + Ving ? is/am/are + S + Cs?
(- ?) isn't/aren't + S + Ving ? isn't/aren't + S + Cs?
(- ?) is/am/are + S + not + Ving ? is/am/are + S + not + Cs?
Example :
1. The show is beginning now.
2. The movie is getting more and more interesting.
3. They are sneezing all nigh long.
4. The Quick Chiken restaurant is going to close on 12pm
5. Aren't George and Clyton fighting in the yard.
6. Am I know you?
7. Our job is studiying in he class
8. We're going to have to bake like crazy over the weekend.
9. Richard is memoriezing the name of ants
10. Jeny is earning$5 an hour working at the store.
Exercise :
1. David (lock) out of his house
2. She (really live) from hand to mouth.
3. Barbara (employ) Bill in coffee shop, Bill managed money to keep her chin up.
4. (Go not) Barandon to take a vacation this year?
5. . Ted's car (run not) well?
Present Perfect
Adalah tenses yang di gunakan untuk menunjukan pada suatu yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau dan efeknya terasa sampai sekarang tanpa diketahui waktu yang pasti (Express indefinite time that begins in the past and extends to the present), untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang pernah dilakukan atau yang sama sekali belumpernah di lakukan (to say something that you have or never done it), mengulang ulang suatu yang terjadi sebelum sekarang (repetition of an activity before now). The adverb ever, never, already, yet, still, and just are frequently used with present perfect. Ketika present perfect mengunakan for or since maka tujuannya adalah (Express situation that began in the past and continues to the present) suatu yang terjadi dari tadi dan sekarangpun masih berlangsung .
Rumus
Verb Ordinary selain be Verb Ordinary berupa be
(+)S + have + V3 S + have/has + been + Cs
(- )S + have/has + not +V3 S + have/has + not + been + Cs
(?)have/has + S + V3 ? have/has + S + been + Cs?
(- ?)haven't hasn't + S + V3 ? haven't hasn't + S + been + Cs?
(- ?)have/has + S + not + V3 ? have/has + S + not + been + Cs?
Example
1. Andy has struck me with his big hammer.
2. I have aeten in the food stall
3. I have already found a new menager.
4. Otong hasn't married till now
5. Have you done your duty?
Present Perfect has this time signal
-Twice -already -since
-Once -just -for
-This mont -recenly -ever
Try this exercise make it perfect all of them!
1. Neneng is getting pregnant now! what you(do) ?
2. I (blow not) that building for many rearons so my friend (give not) my fee.
3. How many thieves you (catch) since the beginning of the year?
4. Which car you (drive) in the public enterprise?
5. Sana (be) sailor in antarctic for 2 years.
Error analysis try to correct the wrong word in a, b, or c
1. Oneng has are here since 45th.
a b c
2. Can't we even talk this over?after all, I has been your assistant for 10 years
a b c
3. This author have often been praised by the critics.
a b c
4. Have you ever been teacher in london?
a b c
5. Alext and Joan have went this month.
a b c
Present Perfect Progressive
Tenses ini di gunakan untuk indicated the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present suatu yang terjadi dari tadi dan sekarangpun masih berlangsung, ketika berarti seperti ini harus bersama time words seperti for, since, all morning, all day, all week, so far, ever since, lately, recenly . Ketika tensesnya tidak di beri penanda waktu yang jelas maka menunjukan pada general activity in progress recently, lately. Dan ketika bersama verb-verb tertentu terutama live, work, teach,itu hanya sedikit bahkan tidak ada perbedaannya antara present perfect dan present perfect perogresive yang bersamaan since atau for.
Note : Perfect biasanya hanya mementingkan hasil tidak menghiraukan waktu.
Rumus
Verb Ordinary selain be Verb Ordinary berupa be
(+) S + have + been + V3 S + have/has + been + Cs
(- ) S + have/has + not + been + V3 S +have/has+been+not+Cs
(?) have/has + S + been + V3 ? have/has+S+been+Cs?
(- ?) haven't hasn't + S + been + V3 ? haven't hasn't+S+been+Cs?
(- ?) have/has + S + not + been + V3 ? have/has+S+not+been+Cs?
Example
1. He has been working in that company all his life.
2. They have been discussing that problem for 6 hours.
3. He has been digging all day.
4. Has Aziz been drinking coffee all morning?
5. Have Ari and his friend been doing that all week?
Exercise :
1. Mereka telah bermain voli sejak jam 7 pagi sampai dengan sekarang pasti mereka lelah sekali
2. Sudah berapa lama kamu berjalan dari GP ke Access?
3. Saya sudah menunggu dia dari hari minggu sampai sekarang dia belum muncul juga.
4. Carles tinggal di Cirebon selama 7 tahun untuk belajar Bhs. Arab.
5. Pernahkah anda bangun pagi semenjak jatuh dari tangga 2 bulan yang lalu?
6. Petrick (swim) in sea park all week for deamon.
7. I (wite) for you since 9 am.
8. That building (make) for 20 years.
9. Eminem (sing) rap song since he is young.
10. I (live) in the world for 21 years.
Simple Past
Adalah tenses yang di gunakan untuk situation or activity that began and ended at a particular time in the past (semua kegiatan yang telah terjadi) ketika dalam 2 clausa terdapat When maka keduanya harus berbentuk past dan yang terdapat When itu yang terjadi duluan.dan di sertai time signal seperti yesterday, 1 week ago, this morning, the day before yesreday, at 2003 etc.
Note : untuk bentuk past lebih condong pada proses terjadinya
Rumus
Yang berOrdinary selain be yang berOrdinary be
(+) S + V 2 S + was/were+Cs
(- ) S + did+ not +V S + was/were+ not + Cs
(?) did + S + V ? was/were + S + Cs?
(- ?) didn’t + S + V ? wasn’t/were not + S + Cs?
(- ?) did + S + not + V ? was/were + S + not + Cs?
Example :
A. Rizal was handsome.
B. Ulla ate rice this morning.
C. Did she take his heart?
D. Didn’t you know that she love you?
E. They were here!
Exercise :
1. Betty (swim) on the swimming pool this morning.
2. Jhon, Albret, and Dwie (hit) a book tast night.
3. Teguh (be) long time ago.
4. Titanic (sink) in the sea at 1895.
5. He (show) great performance 1 year ago.
Past Progresive
Adalah tenses yang di gunakan untuk sesuatu yang sedang berlangsung di waktu yang sudah lampau.
Rumus
Verb Ordinary selain be Verb Ordinary berupa be
(+) S +was/were + V ing S + was/were +Cs
(- ) S + was/were + not +V ing S + was/were + not + Cs
(?) was/were + S + Ving ? was/were + S + Cs?
(- ?) wasn’t/weren’t + S + Ving ? was/were + S + Cs?
(- ?) wasn’t/weren’t + S + not + Ving ? was/were + S + not + Cs?
Example :
A. They were breaking the glass.
B. A snake was bitting me behind your house.
C. Was Mr. Allent from Mexico?
D. The solders were fighting on war.
E. We were not striding the snowy fields.
Exercise :
1. She (undercut) all of item 2 days ago.
2. Princess (undo) they horses in last celebration.
3. I (strive) yesterday to got bus.
4. My mother (spin) two smeters last smester.
5. Army (spread) many trapt on the earth in “Fajri War”.
Past Perfect
Adalah tenses yang di gunakan untuk menunjukan aktifitas yang sudah sempurna sebelum aktifitas yang lain muncul (to expresses an activity that was complited before another activity or time in the past), ketika past perfect bersama before dan after itu tidak penting lagi menggunakan past perfect karena waktunya sudah jelas dan biasanya akan bersamaan dengan simple past.
Rumus
Verb Ordinary selain be Verb Ordinary berupa be
(+) S + had + been + V3 S + had + been + Cs
( - ) S + had + not + been + V3 S + had + been + not + Cs
(?) had + S + been + V3 ? had + S + been + Cs?
(- ?) hadn't + S + been + V3 ? hadn't + S + been + Cs?
(- ?) had + S + not + been + V3 ? had + S + not + been + Cs?
Example
1. Aziz had got girlfriends.
2. We'd never kept fox here.
3. Usman had bought 2books befor you came.
4. She had not looked him.
5. Hadn't they been kind?.
Exercise:
1. I had (see) you bag.
a.saw b.see
c.sew d.seen
2. the wather had (be) hot before you put it there.
a.is b.am
c.are d.been
3. he had (go) to Afrika.
a.go b.went
c.going d.gone
4. After the move had (do) I went to bed
a.did b.do
c.done d.doing
5. My girelfriend had already (love) me by the time I liked her
a.loves b.loved
c.loving d.love
Simple Future
Ini adalah tenses yang di gunakan untuk membuat prediksi bagi si pembicara atau rencana yang akan di lakukan kedepan atau masih ancang-ancang belaka tapi makna tenses ini jadi bertambah dengan adanya modal pada tenses ini seperti “will” yang punya beberapa arti.
Note : Penggunaan "shall" sangat jarang sekali dan hanya bisa di gunakan untuk pronoun I dan we saja.
Itu di karenakan pada zaman dahulu “shall” sering digunakan olah para raja di UK oleh karenanya itu sangat tidak sopan sekali ketika di gunakan oleh orang biasa.
Rumus
Yang berOrdinary selain be yang berOrdinary be
(+) S + will/shall + V1 S + will/shall +be + Cs
(- ) S + will/shall + not +V1 S + will/shall+ not +be + Cs
(?) will/shall + S + V1 ? will/shall + S + be + Cs?
(- ?) won't + S + V1 ? won't/ + S + be + Cs?
(- ?) will + S + not + V1 ? will/shall + S + not + Cs?
Example
a. Mr.Ramdhan will go to Jakarta and Bandung tomorrow.
b. Will Ika make some food for me tonight?
c. I will come to your home next month.
d. Because I had promise to your father so I will come to apply you next year.
e. After I told her about my feeling, now I'm sure that I will get broken heart.
Exercise
Chose a, b, c, d, or e and put it in the blank
1) He will it if you died |a.love
2) That dog will you if it is angry |b.bite
3) I think i will in love with her |c.dig
4) Blen will you money if he has it. |d.give
5) Will you her after all of that. |e.fall
Future Progressive
Tenses ini di gunakan untuk menunjukan aktivitas yang sedang dilakukan di masa yang akan datang seperti saya ingin dia nanti melihat saya sedang bernyanyi di panggung.
Perbedaan antara simple future dengan future progressive adalah kejadian yang pada simple future itu waktunya tidak tertentu.
Example
1. I will be know you next time.
2. a. Are you going to in the town next Monday?
b. Yes I will be visitting the town
3. Look at those dark clouds when class will be over,it will be raining probably.
4. a.How can I get in touch with you while you are out of town?
b.I will be staying at the Piramid Hotel. You can reach me there.
5. She has already gone I'm sure that I will be missing her
Exercise
1. What will you (do) tomorrow night at ten?
a. what will you si doing tomorrow night at ten?
b. what will you are doing tomorrow night at ten?
c. what will you been doing tomorrow night at ten?
d. what will you be doing tomorrow night at ten?
2.He will be (have) trouble with his teeth all his live.
a. He will be having trouble with his teeth all his live.
b. He will is had trouble with his teeth all his live.
c. He will am having trouble with his teeth all his live.
d. He will be been having trouble with his teeth all his live.
3. Aziz will be (work) on that book for a long time.
a. Aziz will be worked on that book for a long time.
b. Aziz will be workig on that book for a long time.
c. Aziz will been working on that book for a long time.
d. Aziz will are worked on that book for a long time.
4.She will be (leave) for the Access soon.
a. She will is leaved for the Access soon.
b. She will be left for the Access soon.
c. She will been leaving for the Access soon.
d. She will are leaving for the Access soon.
5.I'll be (see) you again
a. I'll be seen you again
b. I'll be saw you again
c. I'll be see you again
d. I'll be seeing you again
Past Perfect Progressive
Tenses ini lebih menekankan pada durasi dari aktivitas yang berlangsung pada waktu yang lampau sebelum aktifitas yang lain mulai, seperti :
My teacher had been teaching the lesson for one hour before he finished it.
Juga di gunakan untuk menekankan sebuah aktivitas yang masih terasa hasilnya dari aktifitas sebelumnya, seperti
Aziz face was black and blue because he had been fighting.
Exercise
1. It was midnight I (type) for two hours, absolutely I was getting tired.
2. I (lay) on the bad for one hour before I slept .
3. Andi and I arived home,our body was tired because we (run)
Future Perfect
Tenses in digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktivitas yang aktifitas itu akan sempurna sebelum aktivitas yang lain akan di mulai, seperti
I will have eaten my food by the time I go to bed to sleep.
Future Perfect Progressive
Tenses ini menekankan pada durasi dari aktifitas yang akan berlangsung dan sebelum aktivitas lain terjadi, seperti
I will go to my dormitory at two a.m. She will come there at three a.m. At three a.m I will be arrive. I will have been laying down for ten minutes by the time she gets there.
Kadang future perfect dan future perfect progressive memberikan arti yang sama seperti
When Aziz comes next day, he will have gone for one month.
When Aziz comes next day, he will have been going home for one month.
Past Future
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menceritakan suatu rencana, karena rencana maka ini belum terjadi tapi sudah di angankan sebelumnya, seperti
I would eat that banana yesterday
Note of the tences
Time signal
Simple Present
-Every + N of time -never/ever
-Sometimes. -today
-Occasionary. -twice
-Seldom -on Sunday
-Rarely -often
-Unusual -at night
-Generaly -always
-Habitualy
Simple Past
-Yesterday -two days ago
-In 2008 -this morning
-Last of time -while ago
-The day before yesterday
-The other day
Persent Continous
-Now -at this time
-Right now -at the moment
-At the present - at the moment
Simple Future
-Tomorrow -the day after tomorrow
-Tonight -two weeks later
-Next + N of time -later
-In 2010 -soon
-By the end of this month
Perfect
-Just now -up to now
` -Already -all day/night/week
-Not … yet -lately
-So far -recenly
-Until now -ever since
-Up the present
Perfect Continous
-For -ever since
-Since -all day/night/week
Indikasi tensEs
Simple Present V1 (Vbi Vai)
Bi: See, keep, go, need, want, have, be. Etc
Ai: sees, keeps, goes, needs, wants, has,is/am/are. Etc
Simple Past V2 (past tense Re"regular" Ir "irregular")
Ir : saw, kept, went, had, was/were. Etc
Re: needed, wanted, cooked, smoked. Etc.
Perfect V3 (past participle Re"regular" Ir "irregular")
Re: needed, wanted, cooked, smoked, bampened, proved
Ir : seen, kept, gone, had, crept. Etc.
Future will/shall + bi (bare infinitive)
Will: all Subject
Shall: I & we
Continous be + Ving (present progresive)
Pr.con/prog is, am, are + Ving :I am handsome,
she is beautiful they are ugly.
Ps.con/prog was, were + Ving :I was ugly,
they were handsome.
Pf.con/prog have been + Ving :I have been singing a song,
he has been eating a cake
jadi ketika pembentukan rumus tinggal di gabungkan saja ini juga berguna ketika kita ingin mengetahui tenses apa yang sedang kita hadapi.
Regular dan Irregular
secara garis besar itu terjadi pada 2 tempat yaitu pada Verb dan pada Noun
· verb
Regular Verb itu maksudnya bentuk Verb ketika di Past (V2) dan past participle (V3)
Seperti contoh cook (bi/V1) cooked (past/V2) cooked (past participle/V3) dalam artian ketika verb tersebut regular bentuk V2 dan V3 nya tinggal I tambah " d/ed " saja di akhir.
Irregular Verb itu maksudnya bentuk Verb ketika di Past (V2) dan past participle (V3)
Seperti contoh be (bi/V1) was/were (past/V2) been (past participle/V3) atau seperti
Arise (bi/V1) arose (past/V2) arisen (past participle/V3) dalam artian ketika verb tersebut dalam bentuk V2 dan V3 itu tidak bisa di tebak tidak bisa hanya di tambah "d/ed" saja di akhir tapi harus di lihat di kamus atau lihat di buku-buku referensi karna perubahannya tidak menentu.
· noun
Regular Noun itu maksudnya bentuk Noun ketika di singular (ketiga tunggal) seperti
(Sing) kid (pl) kids
(Sing) dog (pl) dogs
(Sing) car (pl) cars
Dalam artian ketika di plural (jamak)kan itu tinggal di tambah "s" saja di akhir untuk penanda kalau Noun tersebut plural atau jamak
Irregular Noun itu maksudnya bentuk Noun ketika di singular (ketiga tunggal) seperti
(Sing) child (pl) children
(Sing) fish (pl) fish
(Sing) cactus (pl) cacti
Dalam artian ketika di plural (jamak) kan itu tidak tinggal di tambah "s" saja di akhir untuk penanda kalau Noun tersebut plural atau jamak tapi harus lihat kamus atau buku-buku referensi.
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